World Congress on Cell and Structural Biology May 14-15, 2018 Osaka Japan

 The field of bioethics has addressed a broad swathe of human inquiry, ranging from debates over the boundaries of life, surrogacy, and the allocation of scarce health care resources to the right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons. Bioethicists often disagree among themselves over the precise limits of their discipline, debating whether the field should concern itself with the ethical evaluation of all questions involving biology and medicine, or only a subset of these questions. Some bioethicists would narrow ethical evaluation only to the morality of medical treatments or technological innovations, and the timing of medical treatment of humans. Others would broaden the scope of ethical evaluation to include the morality of all actions that might help or harm organisms capable of feeling fear.  The scope of bioethics can expand with biotechnology, including cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human genetic engineering, astroethics and life in space, and manipulation of basic biology through altered DNA, RNA and proteins. These developments will affect future evolution, and may require new principles that address life at its core, such as biotic ethics that values life itself at its basic biological processes and structures, and seeks their propagation. One of the first areas addressed by modern bioethicists was that of human experimentation. Another important principle of bioethics is its placement of value on discussion and presentation. Bioethics has a more expansive application, touching upon the philosophy of science and issues of biotechnology. A bioethicist assists the health care and research community in examining moral issues involved in our understanding of life and death, resolving ethical dilemmas in medicine and science.

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The emergence of the new fields of structural genomics and functional genomics presents us with an unprecedented availability of new macromolecules with so far unknown functions and the promise of novel insights into the mode of action of intact organisms. Technical advances made over several decades have enabled researchers to determine the structures of increasingly larger molecules and complexes, including the protein-making ribosome—a molecular behemoth composed of several RNA molecules and dozens of proteins and the target of many antibiotics. Today, scientists are using high-throughput methods to determine protein structures more quickly than ever before. They are also using computational techniques to predict three-dimensional structures of proteins of unknown structure and to design new proteins with useful functions. This work will continue to increase our understanding of the diverse roles molecules play in biology and to spur advances in medicine. We envision the cell as a little universe in which a multitude of molecular processes occur, recapitulating most of the basic processes of life. The cell functions as an operation center, which integrates all the possible “omics” (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, glycomics, exposomics, etc.) to generate context-dependent responses that allow cells to adapt and relate to their surrounding milieu. Owing to the central role of the cell, the tremendous technological progress and the development in systems biology, we are now well positioned to study cell biology and genetics as a whole and translate the enormous potential of these findings to all the possible settings.

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NMR spectroscopy is a very powerful tool to study structure and dynamics with atomic resolution. The workshop in NMR consists of lectures and practical sessions at  basic , advanced and specialized levels with topics covering  Structure Determination of Biomolecules, Checking synthesized substances and identify compounds isolated from natural sources,  Drug Screening, NMR in Proteomics and Metabolomics: Basic Information; Biomarkers, Dynamics: Molecules, Enzymatic Reactions – Kinetics, Molecular Interactions: Protein-Protein, Protein-DNA, Drug-Target Protein etc… NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for biologists interested in the structure, dynamics and interactions of biological macromolecules. NMR is suitable to monitor, over a wide range of frequencies, protein fluctuations that play a crucial role in their biological function. Native mass spectrometry gives information about the composition, topological arrangements, dynamics, and structural properties of protein complexes. The mass range is principally unlimited and highly dynamic, allowing the detection of small subunits and large complexes within the same measurement. Mass spectrometry is the one that provide lower resolution, but critical, structural information with high throughput. We use “native” mass spectrometry in a collaborative approach as a tool for structural biology, to elucidate the subunit composition, stoichiometry, stability and dynamics of functional protein-protein and protein-DNA/RNA complexes which have been recombinantly expressed or isolated from cells.

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 Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It was an active response of the body, trying to maintain its integrity. Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system. It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.  Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ and in vivo.

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Cancer biology focuses on the mechanisms that underlie fundamental processes such as cell growth, the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells, and the spread, or metastasis, of cancer cells. The biology of cancer is studied at many levels and in many organisms, ranging from the discovery of genes implicated in the development of cancer in humans to the elucidation of basic cell biological processes that are affected during tumorigenesis, which can be studied using human cells as well as model organisms. Investigations in the Cancer Biology department include studies on the tumor microenvironment, metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell adhesion, gene expression, transcription, invasion, tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, cancer stem cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, signaling, immunotherapy, biomarkers, resistance to therapy and tumor modeling.

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Cardiac cell biology has come of age Cutting edge technological advances and aplethora of specialized reagents to allow the study and understanding of cells of heart cells to an unprecedented level. Cardiac hypertrophy in all its complexity remains a fundamental goals of cardiac research. 

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Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There is great interest in stem cells because they have potential in the development of therapies for replacing defective or damaged cells resulting from a variety of disorders and injuries, such as Parkinson disease, heart disease, and diabetes. The discovery of stem cells has opened new possibilities for the treatment of these maladies, and cell therapy now stands at the cutting-edge of modern regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. Regenerative medicine is a branch of translational research in tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function". Regenerative medicine also includes the possibility of growing tissues and organs in the laboratory and implanting them when the body cannot heal itself. Some of the biomedical approaches within the field of regenerative medicine may involve the use of stem cells. Regenerative medicine is a broad field that includes tissue engineering but also incorporates research on self-healing – where the body uses its own systems, sometimes with help foreign biological material to recreate cells and rebuild tissues and organs.

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 Neurobiology is the study of cells of the nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior. Neurobiology is the study of the brain and nervous system, which are the cells and tissue that generate sensation, perception, movement, learning, emotion, and many of the functions that make us human. Neurobiology is intrinsically multi-disciplinary, spanning from molecular biology and gene regulation in neurons, to chemical and electrical signaling in neurons, to information processing by neural circuits and brain regions, to nervous system development and plasticity.

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Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach to biological research. Particularly from year 2000 onwards, the concept has been used widely in biology in a variety of contexts. The Human Genome Project is an example of applied systems thinking in biology which has led to new, collaborative ways of working on problems in the biological field of genetics. One of the outreaching aims of systems biology is to model and discover emergent properties, properties of cells, tissues and organisms functioning as a system whose theoretical description is only possible using techniques which fall under the remit of systems biology. Systems biology is the study of systems of biological components, which may be molecules, cells, organisms or entire species. 

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 Data mining is the computing process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems. It is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science. The overall goal of the data mining process is to extract information from a data set and transform it into an understandable structure for further use. Aside from the raw analysis step, it involves database and data management aspects, data pre-processing, model and inference considerations, interestingness metrics, complexity considerations, post-processing of discovered structures, visualization, and online updating. Data mining is the analysis step of the "knowledge discovery in databases" process, or KDD. The actual data mining task is the semi-automatic or automatic analysis of large quantities of data to extract previously unknown, interesting patterns such as groups of data records, unusual records , and dependencies . Multi-relational data mining tools have been applied to a variety of biological tasks. Biological data bases provide a major challenge for multi-relational data mining. Already, data mining researches should be more ambitious in applying multi-relational algorithms to larger and more diverse databases.

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 Rational drug design aims to develop small molecules (drugs) with a therapeutic effect by targeting biomolecules in order to influence their biological function. Structural biology has a diverse arsenal of methods available to study (bio) molecular structures. Information on the shape and possible interaction sites of binding sites on these molecules can be used to design small molecules with high binding affinity. The structural information is a valuable input in different stages of drug development such as lead optimization or drug design. Structural determination of bio molecules could serve as therapeutic target is an important starting point in rational drug design. Once the structure of a biological target is known, a potential binding site for drugs and possible interactions at this site have to be identified in the stage of drug design.

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 Computational structural biology has made tremendous progress over the last two decades. Computational structural biology has impact on protein structure prediction methods, macromolecular function and protein design, and key methods in drug discovery. It also addresses the computational challenges of experimental approaches in structural biology. Computational Structural Biology aims at establishing bio molecular sequence-structure-function relations using fundamental principles of physical sciences in theoretical models and simulations of structure and dynamics. After the advances in complete genomes sequencing, it became evident that structural information is needed for understanding the origin and mechanisms of biological interactions, and designing/controlling function. Computational Structural Biology emerged as a tool for efficient identification of structure and dynamics in many applications. Major research topics include protein folding, protein dynamics with emphasis on large complexes and assemblies, protein-protein, protein-ligand and protein-DNA interactions and their functional implications. Drug design and protein engineering represent applications of note. Computational structural biology studies aspects of bio molecular structure and dynamics by means of computational methods. The group's focus is on tool development for bio molecular structure determination, prediction and modeling. 

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 Chemical biology is a scientific discipline spanning the fields of chemistry, biology, and physics. It involves the application of chemical techniques, tools, and analyses, and often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems. Chemical biologists attempt to use chemical principles to modulate systems to either investigate the underlying biology or create new function. Chemical biology studies probe systems in vitro and in vivo with small molecules that have been designed for a specific purpose or identified on the basis of biochemical or cell-based screening.  Chemical biology has scientific, historical and philosophical roots in medicinal chemistry, supra molecular chemistry (particularly host-guest chemistry), bioorganic chemistry, pharmacology, genetics, biochemistry, and metabolic engineering. Chemical biology is the study of the chemicals and chemical reactions involved in biological processes, incorporating the disciplines of bioorganic chemistry, biochemistry, cell biology and pharmacology. An important thrust area is Chemical Biology which combines the fields of synthetic chemistry, molecular biology, and molecular imaging, to create novel chemical tools for probing biological systems.     

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Bio-engineering is the application of concepts and methods of biology to solve real-world problems related to life sciences or the application thereof, using engineering's own analytical and synthetic methodologies and also its traditional sensitivity to the cost and practicality of the solution arrived at. Biological engineering uses primarily the rapidly developing body of knowledge known as molecular biology to study and advance applications of organisms and to create biotechnology. This may eventually include the possibility of biologically engineering machines and 3D printing that re-order matter at a molecular scale. Industrial bio-engineering extends from the creation of artificial organs by technical means or finds ways of growing organs and tissues through the methods of regenerative medicine to compensate reduced or lost physiological functions and to develop genetically modified organisms, i.e., agricultural plants and animals as well as the molecular designs of compounds with desired properties (protein engineering, engineering enzymology). In the non-medical aspects of bio-engineering, it is closely related to biotechnology, nanotechnology and 3D printing.

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 Structural biochemistry is a branch of the life sciences that combines biology, physics, and chemistry to study living organisms and to summarize some mutual principles that all forms of life share. Biochemists aim to describe in molecular terms the structures, mechanisms, and chemical processes shared by all organisms, providing organizing principles that underlie life in all its diverse forms. Structural Biochemistry is a subdivision of biochemistry mainly focused on the components, structures and functions of molecules within cells that make up the living organisms. Biochemistry attempts to explain the phenomenon of life in chemical terms by using various theories in Chemistry and the laws of Physics. The general theme that underlies the work of the structural biochemistry is macromolecular structural and functional biochemistry in which protein structures and protein interactions within complexes in solution are used as the starting point for further studies on the mechanisms of catalysis, mechanisms of inhibition, regulation, molecular recognition, and structure-based drug design. The Structural biochemistry serves the educational and research needs in the disciplines of biochemistry , structural biochemistry, proteomics, structural genomics, regulation and Metabolic Control of Enzymes and the implementation of all the above in Analytical Biochemistry, Enzymology, Clinical Biochemistry, Food biochemistry, Chemical Biology, structure-driven drug design and Biophysics as applied to Biochemical Sciences

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Biophysics or biological physics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the approaches and methods of physics to study biological systems. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. Biophysical research shares significant overlap with biochemistry, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, Bioengineering,  computational biology,  biomechanics and systems biology. Molecular biophysics typically addresses biological questions similar to those in biochemistry and molecular biology, seeking to find the physical underpinnings of bimolecular phenomena. Structural biology is the study of the molecular structure and dynamics of biological macromolecules, particularly proteins and nucleic acids, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. Structural biology incorporates the principles of molecular biology, biochemistry and biophysics. Structural biology seeks to provide a complete and coherent picture of biological phenomena at the molecular and atomic level. The goals of structural biology include developing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular shapes and forms embraced by biological macromolecules and extending this knowledge to understand how different molecular architectures are used to perform the chemical reactions that are central to life.

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Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules, especially amino and nucleic acids, how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. This subject is of great interest to biologists because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of cells, and only by coiling into specific three-dimensional shapes that they are able to perform these functions. This architecture, the "tertiary structure" of molecules, depends in a complicated way on the molecules' basic composition, or "primary structures." The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the building blocks of life. The study of cells is called cell biology. Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies the different structures and functions of the cell and focuses mainly on the idea of the cell as the basic unit of life. Cell biology explains the structure, organization of the organelles they contain, their physiological properties, metabolic processes, Signaling pathways, life cycle, and interactions with their environment. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level as it encompasses prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences; it is also essential for research in bio-medical fields such as cancer, and other diseases. Research in cell biology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, and developmental biology.

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